Enron Year Of Scandal Essay - 1711 Words

Cost Accounting Project Paper Enron - year of scandal 2001 – Arthur Andersen Introduction As per various researches, it has been proved that today variety of issues are prevailing in our society and all of them should be properly catered so that no further issues can be raised and this will, in the end, helps in reshaping the entire structure of our society too. Therefore proper measures should be taken from the very start so that no negativity can be raised and this will eventually help in enhancing the efficiency of our society too. The ethical code of conduct is linked directly with the research ethics and this is the major arena that should be highlighted positively in our society in order to enhance potential outcomes. In an organization, it is important to see how work is done by keeping in mind the ethical code of conduct and how it is affecting the society. In the majority of the fields, information security is not directly linked with the security and ethics and this is the reason how it is leading towards various alarming issues too. Therefore it is important to see how to enhance the effectiveness of various products. This paper will focus on ethics and how Eron faced issues due to lack of ethical strategies (Conroy Emerson 2006). Therefore it is important to note that there is a positive strategy that is linked with ethics and this is the only possible method with the help of which variety of other negative issues can be resolved and by this organizations willShow MoreRelatedEnron Accounting Scandal1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enron Accounting Scandal of 2001 There are many accounting scandals that have occurred throughout United States History. Many scandals occur even without outsiders knowing anything that had occurred. Companies try their best to keep many of the accounting scandals quiet. 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`` Not For Iv Use The Story Of An Enteral Tubing...

Chosen for root cause analysis is case study number 18, titled â€Å"Not for IV Use: The Story of an Enteral Tubing Misconnection† from the book Case Studies in Patient Safety: Foundations for Core Competencies. Root cause analysis is a process whereby error producing system factors are identified and reviewed to assist in the formatting and implementation of solutions to prevent similar errors from reoccurrence (Wachter, 2012). This accounting of the patient’s experience located in the Systems-Based Practice (SBP) section also highlights various code of ethics violations such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmalfeasance, and veracity. The SBP approach in healthcare requires that personnel recognize how patient care connects to the entire health care system and how to utilize successfully system resources to improve both quality and patient safety. There are specific core competencies that assist with this process. Some of which include the ability to work effectively in th e delivery-care setting, perform responsibilities according to role, ability, and qualification, advocate for quality patient care and resources, and participate in error identification and solution implementation (Johnson, Haskell, Branch, 2016). This patient’s story demonstrates an apparent failure of these core competencies. Background Robin Rogers, 35-weeks pregnant with her second child, had long battled with bouts of severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting since a teenager, later diagnosed as an

Plate Tectonics free essay sample

Plate tectonics The large scale motions of the earth’s lithosphere are describe by a scientific theory called plate tectonics which explains that Earths outer layer is made up of plates, which have moved throughout Earths history. The theory was developed during first decade of 20th century (by a famous advocate Alfred Wegener) on the older concept of continental drift and was accepted by many geoscientific communities. There are currently seven major and many minor plates are present in the case of earth.These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries:  convergent or collisional boundaries;  divergent  boundaries, also called spreading centres; and conservative transform  boundaries. Activities like earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries and the lateral relative movement of the plates varies 0-100 mm annually. Relation between plate tectonics and mountains: Mountain formation processes are associated with large scale movements of tectonic plates. We will write a custom essay sample on Plate Tectonics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The formation of mountain ranges occurs by means of lateral movements as opposed to vertical ones. Mountain formation is related to  plate tectonics, folding, faulting, volcanic activity; igneous intrusion and metamorphism are all parts of the organic process of mountains building. There are three main types of mountains: volcanic, fold, and block. Volcanic Mountains: movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries which erupt and form mountains.Around that time a super continent Pangea started split into different land masses and move apart in different directions. That result rivers Angara and Gondwana from the northern Eurasian land mass and the southern Indian land mass respectively started filling sediments into the shallow sea the tethys. as a result the two land masses moved closer and closer. About 70 million year ago the two land masses began to collide with each other started the initial mountain building process.The Southern Alps are tectonically characterised by large scale thrusting and folding to the south, the dominant direction of fold asymmetry in the region is southwards. . As is also the case in the southern foreland of the  Pyrenees, thrusts in the Southern Alps are oriented along listric fault  planes with relatively shallow  decollement horizons. To the west, south of the  Valle dAosta, the Southern Alps form a huge  monocline, up until the point that  mantle  material of the Apulian plate crops out in what is called the  Ivrea zone.The geological plate boundary under which Southern Alps lie is part of the pacific ring of fire, with the pacific plate in last 45 million years the collision has pushed up the thickness of rocks up a 20 km on the pacific plate to form the Alps. Uplift of the mountains has been fastest during the last 5 million years and still it is rising by the tectonic plates pressure. (ref:Wikipedia. org) The Andes: The Andes are a  Mesozoic  Tertiary organic  belt of mountains along the  Pacific Ring of Fire. Andes are the result of plate tectonic process caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American plate.The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of western rim of the  South American Plate  due to the subduction of the  Nazca Plate and the  Antarctic Plate. Geology of Andes: The origin of the Andes started with the Triassic when Pangea begun to break up and several rifts developed. The Andes took its present form by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. The Andes has been rise under different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift and erosion that is why rise of the Andes was not constant.

Microfinance Essay Example

Microfinance Essay Microfinance refers to the proviso of fiscal services on a sustainable footing to the hapless who are by and large outside the range of formal fiscal markets and frequently includes societal intermediation ( Churchill Frankiewicz, 2006 ; Ledgerwood, 2001 ) . Surveies have demonstrated the impact of Microfinance on poorness decrease including making the hapless, raising their economic good being every bit good as authorising them. In peculiar, Microfinance has shown to authorise adult females through supplying entree to material resources and increasing their engagement in family determination devising ( Khandker, 2002 ; Robinson, 2001 ; Todd, 2000, Amin et Al, 1998 ; Buvinic, 1983 ) . As with the remainder of the South Asia part, Microfinance in Sri Lanka has a long history dating back to the early old ages of the twentieth century ( World Bank, 2006 ) . Microfinance has been given a taking function in authorities poorness decrease plans, and in its rigorous sense began to be widely recognized in Sri Lanka as a cardinal tool for relieving poorness and authorising the hapless with the passage of the authorities s Janasaviya Program in 1989. This plan was subsequently replaced by the Samurdhi Development Program, which was introduced in 1995 and remains the largest authorities enterprise ( Thilakaratna, Wickramasinghe Kumara, 2005 ; Fernando, 2009 ) . The Samurdhi Program has extended coverage in the rural countries and the bulk of the plan participants are adult females. We will write a custom essay sample on Microfinance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microfinance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microfinance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some research workers question the impact of microfinance on adult females s authorization. They view the consequence of adult females s engagement in Microfinance plans as reenforcing patriarchal norms of adult females s subordination taking to declining gender relationships and disempowerment of adult females ( Goetz Gupta, 1996 ; Montgomery et Al, 1996 ; Rahman, 1999 ) . This article provides some penetration into this argument by analyzing the impact of the Samurdhi Program in authorising rural adult females in Sri Lanka. The survey was conducted in the Ihala Koswaththa small town situated in Kurunegala District in North Western Province of Sri Lanka. The appraisal in this article relies on the female Microfinance clients of Ihala Koswaththa to bespeak and measure the alterations that entree to Microfinance services through the Samurdhi Program has brought into their lives. Microfinance and Women s Authorization The construct of authorization is complex and there is no understanding on a individual definition of authorization in the literature. However, the bulk of the definitions at least hold on the fact that authorization is a progressive procedure of alteration instead than an terminal merchandise. Harmonizing to Keiffer ( 1984 ) , authorization is a development procedure that includes the four phases of entry, promotion, incorporation, and committedness. The entry phase is referred to as an act of aggravation that appears to be motivated by the person s experience of some event or status endangering to the ego or household. The advancement phase includes the three major facets of mentoring relationships, supportive equal relationships with a corporate organisation, and the development of a more critical apprehension of societal and political dealingss. During the advancement phase these three facets are considered to be of import in go oning the empowerment procedure. The incorporation phase focuses on the development of increasing political consciousness. In the concluding phase of committedness the persons apply the new participatory competency to of all time spread outing countries of their lives. Whitmore ( 1988 ) identifies some common implicit in premises when specifying authorization. These premises are: persons understand their ain demands better than anyone else and hence should hold the power to both define and act upon them ; all people possess strengths upon which they can construct ; authorization is a womb-to-tomb enterprise ; and personal cognition and experience are valid and utile in get bying efficaciously. While it is already complicated to specify and gestate authorization in general, specifying adult females s authorization is even more hard. Empowering adult females may specifically mention to their economic state of affairs, but besides to increased well-being and transmutation of power dealingss, all depending on their existing conditions and point of view. Furthermore, authorization may reflect itself in adult females s engagement in societal and political activities, and hence ideally authorising other adult females as good ( Majoor, Manders, 2009 ) . The following table high spots different conceptualisations and models for adult females s authorization in Microfinance. Different Conceptualization and Frameworks for Women s Authorization Moser s ( Gender Needs ) Framework ( 1989 ) Emphasis in this model is laid on gender demands Women s involvement: the diverse, complex and frequently conflicting involvements which adult females hold as persons and which are hence shaped by category, ethnicity, age and gender Practical gender involvement: arises because of different gender functions and are formulated by ( wo ) work forces themselves in response to an immediate perceived need Strategic gender involvements: arises from a feminist analysis of adult females s subordination ( and work forces s laterality ) aimed at transforming gender dealingss for gender equality Longwe s ( Progression ) Framework ( 1989,1991 ) This model presents empowerment as a additive entity, both as a phase that feeds into the following phase, from Social welfare: with improved adult females s stuff public assistance such as nutrient, income, and medical attention, etc. Entree: on equal terms to factors of production and public services Conscientisation: on the difference between, with the purpose of transmutation of sex and gender functions Engagement: as peers, ( wo ) work forces partake in determination devising, policy procedures and disposal Control: with ( wo ) work forces every bit taking control over factors of production and the distribution of benefits at that place from without laterality Rowland s ( Power Process ) Framework ( 1997 ) The accent of Rowland is on power, i.e Power from within: single alterations in assurance and consciousness Power to: capableness and capacity betterment as in accomplishments, income, and market and occupation entree Power over: overcoming subjection at family, community and macro degree Power with: networking, partnership, coaction and joint action to dispute and alter power dealingss Chen s ( Product ) Framework ( 1997 ) Material alteration: in income ( measure and security ) ; resources ( entree, control, and ownership ) ; basic demands ( for good being ) ; and gaining capacity ( handiness and ability to take chance ) Perceptual alteration: in ego regard ( of individualism, involvement and value ) ; self assurance ( in ain ability and capacity ) ; vision of future ( by frontward be aftering ) ; and visibleness and regard ( for single value and parts ) Relational alteration: in determination devising ( in family and community ) ; dickering power, engagement ( in local establishments and processes eg. Politicss ) ; self trust ( reduced dependance and increased mutuality as peers ) and organisational strenghths ( construction and leading ) Beginning: Adapted from Mayoux ( 2002 ) Kabeer ( 2001 ) discusses why assorted surveies come up with different replies to whether adult females are empowered or non through engagement in Microfinance plans. She explains these contrasting replies as a consequence of analyzing authorization as a additive procedure, of methodological analysis and the position of adult females as a homogenous group. She argues that authorization should non be studied as a additive procedure, and alternatively it should be viewed as a multidimensional procedure of many degrees, where causes and effects are non easy distinguished. Therefore, it is non much usage to use quantitative methods in such surveies, which confirms authorization through a few indexs that might non be valid in all instances. She farther explains that adult females are non a homogenous group but a group of persons and authorization is a subjective experience because adult females respond to assorted chances in different ways, and hence, adult females s authorization should be studied from the adult females s point of view, by listening to their personal experiences and mentioning to their apprehension of world. Mayoux ( 2000 ) suggests three contrasting paradigms of adult females s authorization in Microfinance plans. Fiscal ego sustainability paradigm: based on plans sustained by adult females s refund rates and anticipating authorization to emerge Poverty relief paradigm: where Microfinance is integrated with community development, aiming the hapless and family well-being is linked to empowerment Feminist empowerment paradigm: is a sectoral scheme that centers adult females s authorization and offers Microfinance as a means to this terminal Mayoux ( 1999 ) views the consequence of Microfinance on adult females s authorization as a set of reciprocally reenforcing virtuous spirals of increasing economic authorization, improved well-being, and societal and economic authorization. She farther suggests that although the above mentioned three distinguishable paradigms of adult females s authorization in Microfinance come from different theoretical underpinnings they are believed to take to similar virtuous spirals of authorization, both for single adult females and at the family, community and macro degree ( Mayox, 2009 ) . Microfinance and Rural Womans: Procedure of Authorization Savingss and Credit Refund Women s Decision about Savings and Credit Use Women s Microenterprise Increased Status and Changing Roles Women s Decision about Consumption Increased Wellbeing of Women Ability to Negotiate Change in Gender Relations Increased Income Income under Women s Control Women s Networks and Mobility Increased Wellbeing of Children Increased Wellbeing of Men Increased Wage Employment for Women Wider Motions for Social Political Legal Change Economic Authorization Social, Political Legal Empowerment Increased Wellbeing Fiscal Self Sustainability Paradigm Poverty Alleviation Paradigm Feminist Empowerment Paradigm Beginning: Mayoux ( 2002 ) Women s economic authorization is the chief focal point of the fiscal sustainability paradigm. It is assumed that increasing adult females s entree to Microfinance services will in itself lead to single economic authorization through enabling adult females s determinations about nest eggs and recognition usage, enabling adult females to put up Microenterprises, increasing incomes under their control. It is so assumed that this increased economic authorization will take to improved good being of adult females and besides to socio-political authorization. The fiscal sustainability and feminist authorization paradigms accent is more on increasing incomes at the family and the usage of loans for ingestion. Well being betterments are the premier focal point of poorness decrease paradigm. The premise is that increasing adult females s entree to Microfinance will enable adult females to do greater parts to household income and this together with other intercessions to increase family good being will interpret into improved good being for adult females and enable adult females to convey about wider alterations in gender inequality. Women s societal and political authorization is considered to be as a combination of increased economic activity and control over income ensuing from entree to Microfinance is expected to better adult females s accomplishments, mobility, and entree to knowledge and back up webs. This leads farther to heighten position for all adult females within the community and wider alterations in adult females s functions. These alterations are expected to be reinforced by group formation, taking to wider motions for societal and political alteration. The fiscal ego sustainability paradigm and the poorness relief paradigm assume that this societal and political authorization will happen without specific intercessions to alter gender dealingss at the family, community or macro degrees. By contrast, the feminist authorization paradigm advocates expressed schemes for back uping adult females s ability to protect their single and corporate gender involvement at the family, community and macro degree s ( Mayoux, 2006 ) . Methodology The analysis in this survey draws on the primary informations collected during fieldwork in Ihala Koswaththa small town during September 2007 and 2010. The survey is qualitative in nature with informations collected through in depth interviews with single Samurdhi Program donees, little groups, Samurdhi field officers, and Grama Niladhari officer, informal interviews, and observations made by sing beneficiary families, hebdomadal Samurdhi group meetings and monthly meetings of Samurdhi societies during the fieldwork. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling. by choosing information rich instances on the footing of theoretical impregnation, and the interviews of Samurdhi Microfinance clients were conducted with the married center aged hapless adult females in the small town. For the intent of analysing the impact of the Samurdhi Program on adult females s authorization in rural countries, this survey has divided adult females s authorization in to three dimensions economic authorization, increased well-being, and societal and political authorization. These dimensions are based on Mayoux ( twelvemonth? ) . The Samurdhi Program consists of three chief constituents ; the proviso of ingestion grants, the proviso of nest eggs and recognition installations, and community development plans. Although the fiscal services through the Samurdhi Program are provided under the 2nd constituent, the plan frequently mixes public assistance services and fiscal services as all three constituents are operated as built-in support activities. Due to the fact that all the adult females who were involved in this research were Samurdhi public assistance grant receivers, the impact on these adult females s authorization may non merely be attributed to the fiscal services but besides to the other constituent of the plan every bit good. An Overview of the Samurdhi Program Samurdhi, which means prosperity in the local linguistic communication, is a Sri Lankan authorities sponsored national poorness relief plan. The plan has a big per centum of hapless households as members of it Bankss. The plan was launched by an act of parliament in 1995. The act stipulates that the chief maps of the Samurdhi National Program are to better the economic and societal conditions of young person, adult females and disadvantaged groups. The plan achieves this by: broadening chances for income sweetening and employment ; incorporating mark groups into economic and societal development activities ; associating household degree economic activities with community development undertakings at small town, territory, divisional and provincial degrees ; mobilising engagement in the planning and direction of undertakings ; furthering cooperation, advancing nest eggs and helping in obtaining recognition ; easing the bringing of inputs and services of authorities sections, public corporations, local governments, private sector organisations and nongovernmental organisations to donees of the plan, and to implement the plan so formulated and other plans of the authorities poorness relief. ( Glinskaya, 2000 ) Since its origin, Samurdhi has changed from being a simple income transportation strategy to a more comprehensive plan embracing non merely public assistance, but besides banking, nest eggs, insurance, occupation preparation, substructure development and self employment. Institutional and Organizational Structure of the Samurdhi Program Ministry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development Department of Commissioner General of Samurdhi Samurdhi Authority Sri Lanka National Level District Secretary District Samurdhi Office District Directors Assistant Commissioner Samurdhi District Degree Divisional Secretary Divisional Samurdhi Unit Deputy Director Headquarter Managers Divisional Degree Zonal Directors Zonal Degree Grama Niladhari Divisional Level ( Samurdhi Task Force ) Samurdhi Development Military officers Village Degree Small Groups of Beneficiaries Beginning: Modoran Grashof ( 2009 ) The organisational construction of the Samurdhi plan is complex and extremely hierarchal, traveling from the Grama Niladhari Division level up to the zonal, divisional, territory and national degrees. The plan has three major constituents: proviso of ingestion grant ( nutrient casts ) , proviso of nest eggs and recognition installations, and rehabilitation and development of rural substructure. Financial services are provided through the Banking Finance Division of the Samurdhi Authority that follows a similar hierarchal construction and act as the caput office of Samurdhi Bank Societies or SBSs which carry out the 2nd constituent of nest eggs and recognition plan ( Modoran Grashof, 2009 ) . Samurdhi Bank Societies ( SBSs ) are community based loaning societies. SBSs have a modified small town banking theoretical account where the members of the societies are linked to village Bankss for nest eggs and loans and these Bankss are besides owned by the society members. The theoretical account has centralized direction with authorization and the societal development aims are built in the methodological analysis. SBSs are managed by adult females and group loaning, where merely members or stockholders can borrow, is used. The borrower has to be in a group of five people with the other four members vouching the loan refund. Samurdhi finances its loans merely from the nest eggs and portions in the Samurdhi Bank where savings go a portion of the collateral. Individual Samurdhi Banks are non separate legal entities, but have autonomy within the general guidelines given by the authorities Samurdhi Authority ( Atapattu, 2009 ; Modoran Grashof, 2009 ) . With the emphasize of an enhanced attempt at rural financing the Samurdhi Program has attempted to mobilise voluntary nest eggs among its donees, construct up recognition establishments for the hapless and ease their entree to the formal banking system ( Gunatillake, 2000 ) while supplying other recognition plus services ( Atapattu, 2009 ) . The plan serves the largest figure of Microfinance patronage in the state holding a important outreach to hapless people. However, they are besides the largest supplier of public assistance services, and hence they frequently mix public assistance services and fiscal services in questionable ways such as coercing hapless people having societal public assistance grants to put aside a per centum of the grant in inflexible nest eggs histories ( Duflos et al, 2006 ) . The Context: Ihala Koswaththa Village Ihala Koswaththa is a rural small town situated in Bingiriya Secretariat Division in Kurunegala District falling under the intermediate agro ecological zone that includes both dry and wet agro ecological zones in North Western Province of Sri Lanka. The territory is good served by microfinance organisations and in 2000 had the most widespread coverage by Microfinance establishments among all territories in Sri Lanka ( Gant et al, 2002 ) . The country marked on the map below illustrates the location of Ihala Koswaththa small town, the instance survey location. Beginning: Created by Writer Bingiriya Secretariat Division consists of 50 two small towns in four zones and Ihala Koswaththa is in the Bingiriya zone. The small town is located about two kilometres off from the chief beginning of public transit service, which is non really efficient. Though Ihala Koswaththa is considered as a rural small town it is non every bit isolated as other rural small towns in Sri Lanka. However, the villagers still face considerable market and substructure restraints in bettering their supports. The following table high spots the basic demographic information of Ihala Koswaththa. Table 1: Population of Ihala Koswaththa Village in 2010 Classs Number Population and Households Families Average Number of People per Household Entire Population Work force Womans Population Over Age 18 Samurdhi Welfare Grant Recipient Households Social Security Scheme Beneficiaries Government Pension Recipients Government Employees Defense Force Employees Small and Medium Enterprises 620 4 2,502 1,181 1,321 1,637 111 75 23 29 31 50 Beginning: Created by Author based on fieldwork The small town has a population of 2,502 with 620 households and an mean family size of four people, merely five households had over six members. Ihala Koswaththa is chiefly a Sinhala small town where there were merely two Tamil households and one Muslim household in the small town. Merely a few households have been in Ihala Koswaththa for coevalss with the remainder of the villagers being largely migrators who late settled in the small town. The recent migrators were cultivating small town lands even though they were non the legal proprietors. They subsequently gained ownership of these lands under assorted land statute law plans such as Swarnabhumi, Janabhumi and the Land Reforms Commission ( LRC ) . However, some of the migrators are still without any proper ownership of the lands that they are cultivating. Both work forces and adult females in the small town are preponderantly involved in agricultural and twenty-four hours laborer occupations. Common agricultural harvests include paddy, veggies, coconuts, Anacardium occidentales, betel foliages, and black Piper nigrum. There are besides activities such as retail dress shops and domestic fowl farms are across the small town. Villagers are besides involved in seasonal income bring forthing activities such as coir drying and straining. There are many family issues present in the small town including domestic struggle, individual female parents, and intoxicant maltreatment. These issues lead to a greater duty being topographic points on adult females as income generators. Many adult females from the small town work as amahs in the Middle East and direct remittals back place. Additionally, most of the immature single adult females from hapless households in the small town work for the garment industry. Samurdhi Program and other Microfinance Interventions in Ihala Koswaththa Village As found in Table 1, there are 111 Samurdhi Welfare Grant receiver families among the 620 households in Ihala Koswaththa small town. T he chief constituents of of the Samurdhi Program including public assistance, nest eggs and recognition plans, and community development plans are available in Ihala Koswaththa. Under the community development plans there are several preparation and societal development activities such as adult females s preparation plans, lodging development undertakings, substructure development undertakings, irrigation and agribusiness development activities, a hebdomadal market, the kids s society, plans for the aged, and scholarships for the kids of Samurdhi donees. The Samurdhi Program in based on participatory development rules and hence groups at assorted degrees are created by the plan to mobilise and promote engagement where there are several action groups in each small town. Smalle groups of five are organized to consolidate and develop the member s accomplishments and abilities. The Samurdhi Task Force is another grassroots level organisation comprised of immature work forces and adult females between 18 to 35 old ages old. The undertaking force contributes to supplying the necessary substructure to small towns under the Community Development Project. Advisory councils comprised of intellectuals, seniors, and clergy members of the country provide counsel and advice to these undertaking forces. There are besides divisional and territory degree Samurdhi commissions. Bingiriya Divisional Samurdhi Committee is responsible for the execution of the Samurdhi Program in the Bingiriya Division and hence in Ihala Koswaththa.T divisional secretary A cts of the Apostless as the president of this commission and all public officers and authorities caputs are members. The District Samurdhi is comprised of all the caputs of authorities constitutions located in the Kurunegala territory. Bingiriya Samurdhi Maha Sangam or General Union acts as the divisional degree apex organisation of Samurdhi Program for Ihala Koswaththa. This is set up to cover 10,000 Samurdhi beneficiary households and administered by an executive commission comprised of members selected among the presidents of Samurdhi Societies in Bingiriya Division. In add-on to the Samurdhi Program there are several other Microfinance intercessions available in the small town such as SEEDS ( Sarvodaya Economic Enterprise Development Services ) Agromart Foundation Janasurakum Sanwardhana Samupakara Samithiya Vidhatha Samithiya ( Funded through Bingiriya Divisional Secretariat ) Isuru Development Society ( Operated by Wayamba Development Bank or Regional Development Bank ) Villagers in Ihala Koswaththa besides have entree to the Microfinance services offered by other Microfinance suppliers such as SANASA and Cooperative Rural Banks in nearby small towns. They besides rely on other informal recognition beginnings such as money loaners, neighbours, and friends. The traditional system of Seettu is besides practiced by the adult females in Ihala Koswaththa. This systems enables the adult females to salvage to derive entree to chunk amount of money which otherwise would non be able to get. In 2007, Ihala Koswaththa was selected by the Nation Building and Infrastructure Development Ministry as one of the small towns to implement the Gama Naguma Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project. This undertaking aims to profit Samurdhi receivers island broad. Therefore far the support betterment undertaking has built a library edifice and a undertaking to mend the crushed rock roads and change over them into pitch based roads and concrete tracts has been launched in Ihala Koswaththa. The Samurdhi Program has been chiefly aiming adult females in Ihala Koswaththa for loans. Womans having these loans have become self employment. Harmonizing to Samurdhi field officers, female receivers of Samurdhi in Ihala Koswaththa have been take parting in the Samurdhi selling exhibitions and other assorted trade carnivals. Samurdhi Program and Rural Women s Authorization The basic theory in Microfinance under the fiscal ego sustainability paradigm assumes that increasing adult females s entree to fiscal services empowers them by seting capital in their custodies enabling them to increase their income through self employment and lend financially to their families and communities. This economic authorization is expected to bring forth increased self esteem, regard, and other signifiers of authorization for Microfinance adult females donees ( Cheston Kuhn, 2002, Mayoux, 2002 ) . Most of the adult females interviewed in Ihala Koswaththa small town had obtained loans through the Samurdhi Program by bespeaking in the loan application that they would put in bing income generating activities. This is consistent with the chief aim of the plan, to guarantee recipient engagement in the production procedure by increasing entree to resources for self employment. However, harmonizing to the interviews with recipents the loans were frequently non used for the declared intents. but instead had been used for lodging and household public assistance activities. Mayoux ( 2000 ) points out thatwomen s authorization can non be assumed to be an automatic result of Microfinance plans, unless authorization is an built-in portion of the planning procedure. Microfinance enlargement is improbable to do more than a limited part to empowerment. All of the adult females interviewed in Ihala Koswaththa possessed accomplishments such as weaving baskets, mats, and coconut foliages for thatched roofing, stitching, and doing Sweets. Some adult females had vocational preparation classs such as flower planting and kindergarten learning. Although they had entree to finance through the Samurdhi Program and their accomplishments could hold been utilized for income generating activities, non all of the adult females had an entrepreneurial spirit or were interested in get downing or spread outing their concern. This may hold besides been due to factors such as market and substructure restraints, hazard averseness, deficiency of enabling family environment, and the traditional negative perceptual experience towards liability in Sri Lankan society. Some adult females prefer to work for local industries such as doing incense sticks or lucifer boxes, which are non available in the small town. There were really few exceeding instances of considerable betterment in economic activities through the investing of loans from the Samurdhi Program. The plan is non lending significantly towards the economic authorization of the adult females of Ihala Koswaththa due to the fact that the bulk of adult females did non put their loans in support activities. It is interesting to observe that when it was inquired about how handful figure of their equals had been able to be successful in their self employment with Samurdhi Microfinance services and why the others had non been able to make so, most of these adult females themselves thought that it might hold been due to their deficiency of committedness and hazard averseness. Some adult females were really acute on get downing some little concerns. However, they were non satisfied with the loan sum they received from the Samurdhi Program. They claim that the sum is excessively little to get down a concern. In some instances, they had been able to partly finish their undertakings, such as constructing little stores. However, they were unable to afford get downing their concern because they were worried about taking the hazard of another loan since they had non been able to bring forth any income yet. Refund is required shortly after having the loan, even if they are bring forthing any net income from the new venture. During the interviews with the Samurdhi field staff, it was highlighted that they assess the feasibleness of the loan receivers income bring forthing undertakings by sing them before allowing the loans. Harmonizing to the staff, they monitor the advancement of these undertakings on regular footing. However, the donees said that in most instances, the field staff had non visited them before allowing the loans and did non supervise their advancement unless they had been given a well big amount of money. It was non hard for the receivers to acquire loans by mentioning to their existing undertakings and misdirect the officers. If the receivers made their refunds on clip, the field officers were non concerned with their activities.. There were some instances of non refund of loans reported by the field staff and the group members. All of the adult females who were interviewed managed the loan refunds on clip with the income from their bing support activities, with the aid of their hubbies, or in utmost instances with uninterrupted loans from neighbours and money loaners. This was despite the fact that they had non invested the loan into income generating activities. Although the Samurdhi Program re

The Effects of Music on Teenagers Emotions essays

The Effects of Music on Teenagers Emotions essays When teenagers listen to music, does it make them depressed? Does listening to music make them happy? Some people think it does affect them and others do not. Regardless if the person likes music or not it is involved some way in that persons life; whether its by playing an instrument, listening to songs on the radio, studying music, or even by hearing a song being played in a store. When listening to music teenagers are effected by it, and music can help to change a teens emotions, both positively and negatively. In the human brain there is a chemical called EEG when activated, changes a persons emotions. According to a recent study, the positive affect is associated with greater relative left frontal EEG activation and negative affect is associated with greater relative right frontal EEG activation (Field and others 109). In that study they took fourteen chronically depressed female adolescents and played rock music to them for twenty-one minute sessions. Then they took another fourteen chronically depressed female adolescents and had them sit and relax their minds and muscles for the same time period (Field and others 109). EEG was recorded during baseline, music, and post-music for three minutes each, and saliva samples were collected before and after the session to determine the effects of the music on stress hormone (cortisol) levels (Field and others 109). The results were that cortisol levels decreased and the relative right frontal activation was significantly attenuated during and after the music procedure. Which proves that music did have an effect on the emotions of the female adolescents. In another study they investigated the relationship between preference for heavy metal music and vulnerability to suicide. In their investigation, they used 121 high school students as their subjects. Heavy metal fans had less strong reasons for living (especially...

High Population Growth

High Population Growth Introduction High population growth is a problem than has affected the economies of a myriad of developing countries all over the world. Poverty, insecurity, unemployment, lack of sanitation, poor health facilities, lack of adequate education facilities are all aspects of countries that face the problem of high population growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on High Population Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper investigates the causes of high population growth, determines the consequences of high population growth, suggests policy approaches that can be used to contain high population growth and examines the effectiveness of policies employed by China and India in a bid to curb high population growth. Causes of high population growth There are a number of factors that result to high population growth in countries all over the world. One of these factors is increase in the volume of food produced, and an increase in the distribution networks of food. This is a factor for overpopulation because it assures people of food security, leading to high birth rates. In addition to the high birth rates, the food security also reduces the mortality of the population, which could occur if the food accessible by the public was inadequate. Another factor that causes high population growth is the improvement in the health of the public. This is usually correlated to the issue of water and sanitation. It is a factor because, depending on the status of public health in a certain country, disease prevalence can be predicted. Therefore, a country in which public health is maintained will have less instances of diseases, and thus its mortality rate will be low. This translates to high population growth. Also a cause of high population growth is the level of sophistication of a nation, in terms of medical technology like antibiotics and vaccines, and also in terms of other advantages that come with e ducation (Kinder, 2011, p. 1). This leads to high population growth because a nation in which there is advanced, and reliable medical technology will have low mortality rates for the obvious reasons. As stated, the level of education in a nation is very important since, a society in which people are adequately learned will be free from minor problems like health complications that result from living in a filthy surrounding. The effect of education on population is however paradoxical since lack of education is also associated with high population growth. This is because people lacking education seem to live without taking adequate and appropriate measures to curb population growth. This happens primarily because they do not understand the negative effects that population has on all realms of life, and also because they may not have sufficient knowledge about population control methods.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With this discussion, the direct (main) causes of high population growth can be identified. These include, low mortality rates, high life expectancy, high birth rates, migration etcetera. Consequences of high population growth on economic development High population growth has far-reaching consequences on the economy of any country that it affects. The effects of high population growth on developed and developing countries are different in terms of nature, extent, and even possible solutions. Developed countries A significant percentage of the increase in the population of developed countries is made up of immigrants, both illegal and legal. This is because these countries have numerous manufacturing plants, and a lot of positions for menial jobs that do not attract local population. People from developing countries therefore migrate to developed countries like the United States, European countries etc, to fill those vacancies. A lthough the benefit of immigrants to the economy of the developed countries is still a controversial issue, these people affect the economy of developed countries in a number of ways. For instance, by providing cheap labour to the manufacturing plants, the population of immigrants boost the manufacturing industry, which in turn boosts the economy of the country. On the other hand, immigrants, both illegal and legal have caused a variety of social problems for the developed countries (Easterlin, 2006, p. 23). For instance, population increase due to an increase in the number of immigrants is associated with high rates of crime, drug trafficking, etcetera. The aforementioned existence of jobs in manufacturing plants has also led to high urbanization rates for developed countries. This also has its economic repercussions for the developed countries. For instance, high urbanization rates are associated with high crime rates, decadence of societal morals, and even high population growth. These effects have serious implications for the development of the economy. Developing countries First of all, high population growth makes it difficult for developing countries to provide sufficient social structures to the public. This is because such countries are forced to attend to large numbers of people in the growing population amid limited resources. For instance, in a developing country with high population growth, it is more likely that there the educational facilities in the countries will be inadequate. This will be especially so for minority groups like women.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on High Population Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of inadequate educational facilities, the public will not get the required education, and thus the economy of the country will be adversely affected since education is a prerequisite to economic development because it provides skilled labour. The lack of adequate facilities for education will also fuel population growth since uneducated people tend to be more fertile than their educated counterparts (Easterlin, 2006, p. 34). Another economic consequence of high population growth is the frequent occurrences of famines in highly populated countries. The famine affects a large part of the population, which is also poor. This kind of a situation then worsens some other factors like the malnutrition of children, use of child labour or even maternal and childhood mortality. In such a situation, governments in developing countries are forced to use resources in emergency measures against such effects as famine. This makes the government to forego other important economic activities in order to mitigate effects of famines, malnutrition etcetera. High population growth has also been seen as a cause of political instability due to weak governance, and regional warfare. This is because communities and individuals are more likely to fig ht for scarce resources as the population grows. This is because the resources continuously become insufficient to serve the needs of the population as it grows. The phenomenon of high population growth is also associable with high rates of unemployment, which is a great set-back to the efforts made by the developing countries in a bid to industrialize (Easterlin, 2006, p. 39). The above mentioned factors lead many developing countries to seek economic assistance, or foreign aid, from then developed countries. Despite the fact that the usefulness of foreign aid in the economic advancement of developing countries is controversial, foreign aid remains a burden for the country seeking it. The countries may even be made to agree to terms they are nit comfortable with in order to get economic assistance. Policy recommendations From the discussion above, it is apparent that high population growth has a lot of negative effects to the economies where it occurs. There is thus an urgent need for a more nuanced approach in policy making to ensure that population growth is effectively checked, and also ensure that its effects on the economy of countries are mitigated.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Developed Countries For developed countries, the main causes of high population are immigration and rural-urban migration. Since these two work together to bring about devastating effects on the economy, policies should be developed for addressing the problems they bring, while utilizing the advantages that they bring. For instance, for the immigration problem, governments in developed countries should ensure that proper immigration policies are developed so that the government can keep track of, and be able to control immigration. This can be done by either eradicating or reducing the number of illegal immigrants (Todaro, 1997, p. 20). This will ensure that any policies that the government develops in relation to manufacturing plant workers, is based on factual information, and thus it is not misguided by wild estimations. Such a strategy is bound to reduce or eliminate the economic disadvantages posed by immigration, and make the latter a resource that can be utilized to better th e economy. For the rural-urban migration, governments in developed countries should develop appropriate policies that will ensure that the negative effects of urban migration are mitigated. A potential project objective within such a policy is to increase the number of police in urban areas, as well as to increase increased in order to reduce crime rates. Other aspects of urban congestion like maintaining sanitation standards must also be observed. Developing countries For the developing countries, a lot needs to be done in order to mitigate the effects of high population growth. Among the policy approaches that can be taken is an attempt to reduce the population growth itself. This can be done by employing a variety of means. These means include, greater advocacy for the use of family planning methods, provision of family planning facilities to the public, development of policies encouraging a minimum number of children, accompanied by incentives for those who uphold it, etcetera. In addition to this, governments in developing countries may ensure that there is progressive improvement in the provision of education facilities and services, because this can potentially lead to low population growth (Todaro, 1997, p. 21). Just like in the developed countries, developing countries also need to develop strict policies on immigration in a bid to reduce their high population growth. This is because political instability and economic factors has led to high immigration rates in these countries. A reduction in the number of immigrants entering a country in a year will lead to low population growth, or even population decline, which will, in turn lead to a better economy which is shown by high per capita GDP, and improvement of other economic indicators. Similarly, governments in developing countries should also develop policies that are aimed at reducing the rate of rural-urban migration. Some of the policies that can be employed include the devolvement of the governm ent in countries where devolved governments are not in existence. This will help in mitigating the undesirable effects of high population growth. A policy for employment creation is also bound to have a positive effect on population growth since people tend to be more fertile when they are idle. In addition to this, people in poverty also tend to be more fertile than people who are not poor. Governments in developing countries should therefore develop employment creation n policies as a way of reducing population growth, and its effects on their economy (Todaro, 1997, p. 23a). There is also a need for a strict policy for monitoring and feedback. This will ensure that any good policies for curbing high population growth rate can be evaluated to see if the desired impact is being realized. Approaches adopted in India and China Among the countries that have struggled with high population growth are India and China. China has the highest population in the world followed by India. These two countries have tried to implement policies aimed at reducing population growth. Let us examine how effective these policies have been. Between the years 1972 and 1977, the government of India imposed a policy for forced sterilization. This program did not receive backing from the public, and thus it did not achieve much. This was subsequently replaced by voluntary family planning integrated with better maternal and child healthcare. A study of Indian population after implementation of the aforementioned programs does not reveal much success as the population has always been on the rise. This can be attributed to the failure by the Indian government to implement the programs at grass root level. Early in the last decade, the government of India suggested stripping of states with high population growth of their voting rights. This is an unrealistic approach that can potentially cause more harm than good. The one-child family policy has not seen much success since the incentives pr omised by the government for one-child families and families with restricted sizes have not been given much attention (Kumar, 2003, p. 1). As stated, China has experienced, more or less, the same problems as India. However, China’s policies and programs are far off more effective than those of India. Among the policies than China has used to reduce its population growth is the informal policy that dictates that couples living in urban areas have one child, and their counterparts in rural areas have two children, on condition that the first one is a girl. However, people belonging to ethnic minorities are permitted to have a maximum of three children due o their special circumstances. This policy has resulted in abortions and sterilization for both men and women who already have kids. This policy has even employed coercion to make people obey it, as people unwilling to procure abortions have, oftentimes, been forced to procure abortions. Although this policy is, kind of, undem ocratic, it has achieved substantial success in China (Kumar, 2003, p. 1). Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, high population growth has adverse effects on the economy of a nation. Policies developed to reduce population growth and its effects should be realistic, and they should be supported by the public in order for them to have the desired effects. It is thus of essence for countries to employ a consultative approach in formulating population reduction policies. Reference List Easterlin, Richard. 2006. Effects of Population Growth on the Economic  Development of Developing Countries. University of Pennsylvania. Kinder, Carolyn. 2011. The Population Explosion: Causes and Consequences .  New Haven Teachers Institute. http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1998/7/98.07.02.x.html Kumar, Ramana.2003. India and China: Population Growth.  Web. Todaro, Michael. 1997. Development Policy and Population Growth: A Framework for Planners. Population and Develo pment Review.

Endgame Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Endgame - Essay Example The play mirrors this chess approach by comparing it to life. Life is just like endgame in chess where there are few moves left, but the actual end is unknown and unwanted. Hamm talks of how his life is close to the end and he would like to finish it. According to Byron (2007), when Hamm says, â€Å"I hesitate, I hesitate to end. Yes, there it is, its time it ended and yet I hesitate to end,† (Byron, 2007) he talks about how the end is not the simplest choice (p. 2). To man, the world is seen as a source of suffering. Hamm says that that his mother, father and dog all suffer â€Å"as much as creatures can suffer†. He, however, insists than none of them experience â€Å"suffering that equals† his own. From this illustration, the world is depicted as not being understanding to other people’s pain. Repetition has been used by Beckett to emphasize certain themes and motifs of the play. For instance, the words ‘finished’ and ‘end’ have been used repeatedly to emphasize the nature of the end game. While Clov says, â€Å"Finished, its finished, nearly finished, it must be nearly finished† to show the never-ending nature of his task, Hamm uses it repeatedly to ask if his servant can ‘finish’ him (Byron,